Explain What are the vaious ETL tools in the Market?

Various ETL tools used in market are:

Informatica
Data Stage
Oracle Warehouse Bulider
Ab Initio
Data Junction

BusinessObjects DataIntegrator is another ETL tool.

Explain the definition of normalized and denormalized view and what are the differences between them?

Normalization is the process of removing redundancies.

Denormalization is the process of allowing redundancies.

Normalization is the process of removing redundancies.

Denormalization is the process of allowing redundancies.

What is surrogate key? where we use it explain with example?

surrogate key is a substitution for the natural primary key.

It is just a unique identifier or number for each row that can be used for the primary key to the table. The only requirement for a surrogate primary key is that it is unique for each row in the table.

Data warehouses typically use a surrogate, (also known as artificial or identity key), key for the dimension tables primary keys. They can use Infa sequence generator, or Oracle sequence, or SQL Server Identity values for the surrogate key.

It is useful because the natural primary key (i.e. Customer Number in Customer table) can change and this makes updates more difficult.

Some tables have columns such as AIRPORT_NAME or CITY_NAME which are stated as the primary keys (according to the business users) but ,not only can these change, indexing on a numerical value is probably better and you could consider creating a surrogate key called, say, AIRPORT_ID. This would be internal to the system and as far as the client is concerned you may display only the AIRPORT_NAME.

2. Adapted from response by Vincent on Thursday, March 13, 2003

Another benefit you can get from surrogate keys (SID) is :

Tracking the SCD - Slowly Changing Dimension.

Let me give you a simple, classical example:

On the 1st of January 2002, Employee 'E1' belongs to Business Unit 'BU1' (that's what would be in your Employee Dimension). This employee has a turnover allocated to him on the Business Unit 'BU1' But on the 2nd of June the Employee 'E1' is muted from Business Unit 'BU1' to Business Unit 'BU2.' All the new turnover have to belong to the new Business Unit 'BU2' but the old one should Belong to the Business Unit 'BU1.'

If you used the natural business key 'E1' for your employee within your datawarehouse everything would be allocated to Business Unit 'BU2' even what actualy belongs to 'BU1.'

If you use surrogate keys, you could create on the 2nd of June a new record for the Employee 'E1' in your Employee Dimension with a new surrogate key.

This way, in your fact table, you have your old data (before 2nd of June) with the SID of the Employee 'E1' + 'BU1.' All new data (after 2nd of June) would take the SID of the employee 'E1' + 'BU2.'

You could consider Slowly Changing Dimension as an enlargement of your natural key: natural key of the Employee was Employee Code 'E1' but for you it becomes
Employee Code + Business Unit - 'E1' + 'BU1' or 'E1' + 'BU2.' But the difference with the natural key enlargement process, is that you might not have all part of your new key within your fact table, so you might not be able to do the join on the new enlarge key -> so you need another id.

A surrogate key is a system generated sequential number which acts as a primary key.

Explain What is the main difference between Inmon and Kimball philosophies of data warehousing?

Both differed in the concept of building teh datawarehosue..

According to Kimball ...

Kimball views data warehousing as a constituency of data marts. Data marts are focused on delivering business objectives for departments in the organization. And the data warehouse is a conformed dimension of the data marts. Hence a unified view of the enterprise can be obtain from the dimension modeling on a local departmental level.

Inmon beliefs in creating a data warehouse on a subject-by-subject area basis. Hence the development of the data warehouse can start with data from the online store. Other subject areas can be added to the data warehouse as their needs arise. Point-of-sale (POS) data can be added later if management decides it is necessary.

i.e.,

Kimball--First DataMarts--Combined way ---Datawarehouse

Inmon---First Datawarehouse--Later----Datamarts

Explain clearly how to explain any (sales) project in interview.actually feom where report developer work starts?pls reply as soon as possible?

if you are a Report developer
1,you have to specify the front end and back end tool used for creating the reports
2,Then you have to tell the purpose of the project..what you are going to acheive using the reports.
3,Then you can explain the backend part which is important.FOr example,you have to tell what are all the facts and dimension going to be used
4, Once the facts and dimension are identified yo might want to restructure the fact and dimension using the views.Also have to decide on the schemas you are going to use whether it s an snowflake schema or an star schema.
5,Once the schema has been finalised we might want to include certain KPI(Key Performance Indicators) into it.
6,Once the cube has been ready now we are into the deployement of the cube.
7,After the deployement has been done sucessfuly now we have to use our front end tool such as prolclarity and feed the cube into it.
8.Once the cube has been feed into the proclarity we can create various reports that can helps us for the business.In our case i had identified the top 10 customers in sales , successful saples period over time by using trend analysis and using ranking KPI for rank the customer.

Explain Difference between Snow flake and Star Schema. What are situations where Snow flake Schema is better than Star Schema to use and when the opposite is true?

 
Star schema contains the dimesion tables mapped around one or more fact tables.

It is a denormalised model.

No need to use complicated joins.

Queries results fastly.

Snowflake schema

It is the normalised form of Star schema.

contains indepth joins ,bcas the tbales r splitted in to many pieces.We can easily do modification directly in the tables.

We hav to use comlicated joins ,since we hav more tables .

There will be some delay in processing the Query .

in star schema look like a centerally locate fact table and surrounded by dimention tables . its look like a star thats why people colled as a starschema
in star schema dimention tables are de_normalised but fact table is normalised table
in snow flake schema dimention tables are splitted one or more tables
dimention tables are quit bit a table bit space
here dimention tables are normalised
here having the more no of joins
so the performance degrades
as per the client requirement we used star or snow flake schema
client may ask like data normalised or de_normalised

Explain the difference between view and materialized view?

View - store the SQL statement in the database and let you use it as a table. Everytime you access the view, the SQL statement executes.

Materialized view - stores the results of the SQL in table form in the database. SQL statement only executes once and after that everytime you run the query, the stored result set is used. Pros include quick query results.


Views: At run time, the query will be executed against the database.

Materialized views: The data for the materialized view query will be generated at compile time.

Mviews can be created by the following ways:
1. Immediate - mview will be created along with data.
2. Deferred - Mview structure alone will be created. Data will be populated only when you refresh the mview.

We have the option of refreshing the mviews. It means when the data in the master table used in the mview query changes, the refreshing of mviews helps to get the updated (new) data for the mview.

Mview will behave very much like a table. At run time, data will be retrieved from the result set just as retrieved from a table. The retrieval time will be very fast unlike the views.